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The Renaissance in the North

Chapter Summary

The Early Renaissance emerged more slowly in Northern Europe than in Italy. This is at least partially due to the fact that the Renaissance was a rebirth of Roman values that had been brought to the North a thousand years before by conquering Romans But trade and commerce inevitably brought Italian ideas northward. In Northern Europe the vast majority of cities were smaller than those in Italy. IT was in these smaller cities that the literate, educated classes embraced new ideas. One of the first artists to use oil paint was Robert Campin. In //Merode Altarpiece//, painted in 1426, the Flemish artist was able to use illusions of texture and atmosphere that would not have with egg tempera, the medium favored during the middle ages. Jan van Eyck is considered the founder of the Flemish school, a tradition in which artists such as Van Eyck and Campin recorded the real world in minute detail as a a way toward the truth. Because of the enormous ambition and the extraordinary realism portrayed, Van Eyck's //Ghent Altarpiece// is one of the most famous paintings of the Renaissance. One theme in these Northern Renaissance works is that the artists found signs of God's presence on Earth in everyday reality. Hieronymous Bosch was a Flemish painter of extraordinary imagination, best known for his blatantly bizarre and menacing half-man, half-animal creatures. Bosch's style was unlike his contemporaries, in that he painted without any preliminary drawing and disregarded light and shadow. Bosch's paintings presented a critical vision of the Catholic Church. Attacks such as his eventually led the papacy to reinvent Rome as a center of classical learning.



The High Renaissance in Northern Europe was marked by a growing iconoclasm. Iconoclasm is the systemic destruction of religious icons because of their accepted religious connotations. The most systemic iconoclasm occurred in England, beginning with King Henry VIII's ordering of the destruction of the monasteries. Northern humanist scholar and priest Desiderius Erasmus wrote a popular book attacking abuses in the Catholic Church. Fellow humanist scholar Martin Luther attacked the practice of papal indulgences and was ordered to report to Rome. French humanist John Calvin sought to strip away what he considered external and distracting to true piety. This was a period of intense religious inquiry, with the humanists arguing that authority resided int he independent heart of each Christian. It was during this period that Copernicus argued that the earth and other planets orbit the sun, rather than the sun and the planets revolving around the earth. Artists Albrecht Durer is one example of the spirit of discovery that defined the Renaissance in the north. Durer was a painter, printer, draftsman, writer and publisher - the very image of a mufti-talented Renaissance man. During the Renaissance, a number of castles were built in northern Europe; castles were an effective means of showing one's importance. In keeping with the new emphasis on humankind during the Renaissance, secular music, including madrigals, became increasingly popular. Madrigals are vocal pieces composed for a small group singers, usually with no accompaniment. Michel De Montaigne coined the term "essay" to describe his writings, which are examples of Renaissance individualism grounded in humanitarianism. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest writers in the English language based on his revelation of the human character.



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